According to Joanna Phillips, the practice of time-based media conservation is considered to be what?

The assertion that the practice of time-based media conservation is considered fairly new, beginning in the late 1990s, reflects the ongoing evolution of practices in preserving media formats that are inherently time-dependent, such as film, video, and digital media. The late 1990s marked a significant transition where institutions and practitioners began to recognize the unique challenges presented by these media forms, which often deteriorate or become obsolete due to technological advancements. This period prompted increased awareness and the development of methodologies specifically aimed at conserving time-based works, leading to the establishment of formal practices and theories in the field.

This was a time when technological strides were rapidly changing the landscape of media production and consumption, and it necessitated the conservation field to adapt in order to preserve cultural heritage effectively. Therefore, understanding the timing of these developments is critical in recognizing how conservation practices have matured and the pressures they face within the digital age.